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Latest News
Trump’s Numantia and a stain that will never wash away
The United States has invaded Venezuela and now besieges Cuba. Europeans and Canadians must find the courage to say: This must stop, says Stephen Wilkinson
In June 1992, as the Soviet Union’s collapse was driving Cuba into economic catastrophe, the Spanish archaeologist and historian Alicia María Canto wrote an extraordinary article in El País comparing Cuba’s predicament to that of Numantia, the ancient Iberian city besieged by Rome in 134 BC, whose citizens chose collective death over surrender. For ten years, the greatest military power on earth had failed to conquer the small hilltop settlement. When the Romans finally surrounded Numantia with trenches and palisades, cutting off all food and water, the inhabitants did not capitulate. Rather than surrender, they burned their city and themselves within it. Rome won, but no one disputed that victory came through starvation and brutality, not legitimacy or reason.
Canto’s article was prompted by the US at that time, which was then doing as Trump has done now, tightening the economic noose of the embargo and, knowing that the Cubans would behave like the ancient Numantians, her warning was instrumental in provoking the then Spanish government under the Socialist Felipe González to step in and aid the island. But hunger and blackouts caused problems in Cuba that led to the 1994 balseros crisis when some 35,000 Cubans took to the Florida Straits on makeshift rafts. That crisis prompted other countries with Caribbean interests to step up. The UK then under John Major’s government set up a trade initiative and the EU and Canada invested in Cuba to prevent a humanitarian catastrophe - Cuba endured.
Now, thirty-three years after Canto’s article, we are witnessing something far worse. And the context has changed dramatically. A few weeks ago, the United States invaded Venezuela, conducted airstrikes on Caracas, captured President Nicolás Maduro, and transported him to a federal detention centre in Brooklyn. Trump announced that America would now “run” Venezuela. Secretary of State Marco Rubio, the architect of Washington’s Caribbean policy, who as a boy dreamt of leading an invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro, has already threatened Cuba, Mexico, and Colombia with similar treatment. The United States has bombed seven countries in the past year. It has withdrawn from sixty-six international organisations. It has threatened to annex Greenland from a NATO ally.
This is not normal statecraft. This is not even the usual American interventionism that Latin America has endured for a century and a half. What we are witnessing is something that Europeans, in particular, should recognise: the behaviour of a fascist state.
I use the term deliberately.
Consider what the United States is doing to Cuba against the standards of international law that it itself helped to craft after WW2.
Article 2 of the United Nations Charter prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state. The United States maintains an economic blockade explicitly designed to create hunger and deprivation among Cuba’s civilian population in order to produce regime change. This is collective punishment—prohibited under Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
Article 54 of Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions prohibits attacks on objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, including foodstuffs, agricultural areas, and drinking water installations. The US embargo deliberately targets Cuba’s ability to import food, fuel, and medicine. The State Sponsors of Terrorism designation, which even American officials privately acknowledge Cuba does not merit, has caused international banks under threat of fines to refuse transactions with the island, blocking even humanitarian shipments. Ships carrying food are turned away because no financial institution will process the payments. Oil shipments from Venezuela are literally stolen by the US and the contents sold with no accountability of where the money is going.
Consider that the UN General Assembly has voted to condemn the US embargo every year since 1992. Last year, the vote was 182 to 7. The international community has spoken with near unanimity. The US is wrong.
The humanitarian consequences are staggering. Since 2020, Cuba has lost nearly 2m million people to exodus. The population has collapsed from 11.3 million to 9.6 million. Between 2021 and mid-2024, over 860,000 Cubans reached the United States alone, more than the 1960s wave, the 1980 Mariel boatlift, and the 1994 rafter crisis combined.
Those who remain now face a systemic humanitarian emergency. Blackouts lasting over thirty hours. Water shortages extending for weeks. Hospitals unable to function. Schools and universities closed for long periods. The UN World Food Programme has received an unprecedented request from Cuba for nutritional aid.
No government on earth could provide adequately for its people under these conditions. Cuba imports eighty percent of its food. When the financial system refuses to process your transactions, when ships will not call at your ports, when spare parts cannot be purchased at any price, these are not failures of governance. These are the intended consequences of a policy designed to produce exactly this suffering.
The Trump administration believes that sufficient pressure will cause Cuba to collapse. Rubio and the Cuban-American hardliners in Miami, who drive this policy, have believed this for six decades. They have been wrong for six decades. But their error is not merely strategic, it is morally bankrupt.
What is being done to the Cuban people is not a policy. It is a crime against humanity conducted in slow motion, with full knowledge of its consequences. When millions of people are deliberately denied food and medicine, when children cannot access milk, when hospitals cannot function, when the explicit purpose is to create such misery that the population will overthrow its government, this is not sanctions policy. This is siege warfare.
The invasion of Venezuela has laid bare the savage truth. Trump announced that the United States would “run” Venezuela and exploit its oil. Defence Secretary Hegseth boasted that America could now access “additional wealth and resources” without “having to spend American blood.” Secretary Rubio, when asked whether the operation was legal, replied that it was justified by “the iron laws that have always determined global power.” Might makes right.
This is not democracy promotion. This is not human rights advocacy. This is fascism, the use of overwhelming military and economic power to dominate smaller nations, extract their resources, and punish any resistance.
While China and Russia have spoken out to defend Cuba, Europeans and Canadians have watched this unfold with inadequate alarm. There is a tendency to view American excesses as temporary aberrations, to hope that institutions will constrain the worst impulses, to trust that the arc of history bends toward justice. This is wishful thinking. The United States under Trump has withdrawn from the international legal order. It recognises no constraints on its behaviour. It has stated explicitly that it will use military force to reshape the Western Hemisphere according to its wishes.
The entire world must respond. And it needs to start at home. The UK and the European Union should refuse to comply with secondary sanctions that punish European companies for trading with Cuba. Canada should expand humanitarian assistance and diplomatic engagement with Havana. The international community should invoke every available mechanism to document and condemn what is being done to the Cuban people. Most importantly, our leaders must find the courage to say plainly what is happening: the United States is behaving as a rogue state, and its actions are incompatible with the international order that has maintained peace since 1945.
Cuba will not surrender. Anyone who knows the Cubans knows that they have a saying: “Aqui no se rinde nadie” (Here, no one surrenders). Their revolutionary slogan since the 19th Century has been “Patria o muerte” (Homeland or death).
A collague on the island recently sent me this, which sums up the mood poetically:
We don’t feel like it. Period
"There are phrases that aren’t just words; they are condensed history, cries of dignity that traverse generations. “We don’t feel like being a Yankee colony” is one of them. It’s not an ephemeral political slogan, it’s the visceral expression of a principle that has cost blood, sweat, and tears to forge on this island.
To understand it, you have to look back. Cuba was born into the republic not from a clean birth, but with the shadow of the Platt Amendment and the boot of foreign intervention stepping on its newly declared sovereignty. Even then, the seed of resistance against Washington’s domination or tutelage was planted. What came after – decades of interference, support for dictatorships, Bay of Pigs, brutal economic blockade – only watered that seed until it grew like an oak tree in the national heart.
Today, that phrase summarizes the collective response to a pressure that reinvents itself. It’s not just a financial and commercial blockade, it’s also a media war that distorts, subtle destabilization campaigns, and the constant promise that if you give in, “relief” will come. The underlying message is clear: “Your destiny must pass through our permission.”
And yet… the response is a “no” that resonates from Havana to Maisí. A “no” that isn’t always easy, that is paid for dearly in daily life with unimaginable shortages and sacrifices for many. But it’s a conscious “no.” It’s the decision of a people who, having known dependency, value sovereignty above comfort. Who prefer the difficult path of building with their own resources, rather than the “easy” path of surrendering their national project.
This resistance isn’t uniform, nor is it free from criticism and discontent. Life in Cuba is complex. But amid that complexity, a deep, almost instinctive consensus persists against subjugation. It’s the same spirit that rose up in the independence struggles, and which today translates into enduring, creating, inventing, and persisting.
To honor that resistance is not to deny internal challenges. It’s to recognize the fundamental right of a people not to be subdued by external force, to choose their path, however difficult it may be, and to defend their right to exist as a free nation.
This is the essence. This is the ideological trench that, for better or worse, defines a fundamental part of being Cuban. A trench that isn’t taken with weapons, but with consciousness and historical memory."
For sixty-five years, the United States has attempted to break this small island nation through invasion, assassination, terrorism, and economic warfare. This is the latest and most brutal attempt.
The cost will be enormous. People who are hungry, who are sick, will continue to flee in numbers that dwarf every previous exodus. The 1994 balseros crisis, which caused political panic in Florida, involved 35,000 people. The current exodus has already seen nearly one million Cubans reach the United States through various routes. With legal pathways now sealed shut, the Trump administration has terminated every humanitarian parole programme for Cubans, the pressure will find other outlets. Cuban rafters are already arriving in Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Brazil. If this continues the Caribbean could be destabilised for a generation.
When the Trump era finally ends, however it will end, will our leaders look back and ask how they allowed this to happen? Will we find that European nations, cowed by fear, failed to speak the truth?
The truth is simple. What the United States is doing to Cuba is a crime. It violates international law, the UN Charter, and the Geneva Conventions. It is sustained not by any legitimate security interest but by domestic political calculations and ideological hatred. It is, in the precise sense of the word, an atrocity.
The Cubans will not surrender. But neither will history forgive the country that tried to starve them into submission, nor those who looked away.
Stephen Wilkinson is Senior Lecturer in Politics at the University of Buckingham and Editor of the International Journal of Cuban Studies. The views expressed inb this article are his own and not necessarily that of the Institute nor the Journal.
The truth about the so called ‘Tarifazo’
What happened in Cuba when ETECSA, the state owned telecommunications company, announced it was going to increase its tariffs? According to the western media it sparked student protests and proved to be an embarrassment to the leadership. However, as Charles McKelvey explains this is nothing like the truth about the affair. While the Trump administration deals with protesters using the National Guard and rubber bullets, the Cuban authorities resorted to dialogue and conciliation to settle this dispute. Charles argues a peoples' democracy is alive and well in Cuba.
Continue readingJust plain wrong
The US blockade must end
By Stephen Wilkinson, IISC director
In the past month, Cuba has experienced the biggest energy crisis in the history of the Revolution, with almost the entire island and 10 of its 11 million people being deprived of electricity for many days. Blackouts, that had been occurring with increasing frequency and duration for some time, turned into a total collapse of the electrical system following the shutdown of the country’s main thermoelectric plant on Thursday 17th October and it took more than a week for the power to be restored to the whole island. During the recovery phase, a hurricane hit the province of Guantanamo in the East and caused further blackouts and huge destruction. Across the island schools were closed and almost all economic activity ceased while the authorities and technicians worked to restore power. The population now fears that this situation will lead to the threat of famine due to the putrefaction of food because refrigerators stooped working.
The immediate cause of the crisis was the lack of fuel to feed the thermoelectric plants, worsened by a climatic situation that delayed the arrival of a ship with fuel oil. However, the ultimate cause is the same as that shared by the large and small problems of the island: the commercial and financial embargo imposed by Washington more than six decades ago Rightly, the Cuban government calls this policy a blockade because it has an extra-territorial reach, limiting supplies, credits and investments from third countries, with the declared purpose of reducing the Cuban population by starvation and forcing it to revolt against its authorities. Although this sinister objective has been frustrated, the endless difficulties that Cuba must face in obtaining foreign currency and acquiring essential supplies have led the country to a lacerating shortage of everything necessary for daily life.
This blockade is frequently thought to be a mere pretext of the Cuban government the blame its failings on the United States and the criminal nature of the dozens of laws and decrees that make it up is forgotten. As an island located in the Caribbean Sea, Cuba’s natural economic vocation is in tourism, and its location, just 144 kilometres from the United States, makes the Americans its logical and basic market. But Washington’s illegal regulations effectively prohibit its citizens from travelling to the island. The application of sanctions not only affects US citizens, but any company, from any part of the planet, that buys or sells any object - be it an onion, a medicine for cancer or a notebook for children to study - to Havana is likely to be persecuted by the US. One of the most important sources of income for almost all Latin American and Caribbean states, remittances sent by their compatriots working abroad, is also restricted for Cubans because it is not allowed access to the international payment system, one of the many tentacles of US imperialism.
Since Hugo Chavez democratically came to power in Venezuela at the head of the Bolivarian Revolution in 1998, Caracas has provided invaluable assistance to the Cuban people by providing oil. But as Washington has made Venezuelans victims of the same sanctions policies it perpetrates against Cubans, the government of Nicolas Maduro has had to cut its aid to Cuba, which has made an extremely precarious situation even worse. Likewise, Cuba is prevented from buying machinery, tools and spare parts to reverse the deterioration of the electrical energy infrastructure, so the failures will continue to be structural as long as Washington's boot remains pressed against the island’s throat. Cuba is also not even allowed to access the technologies necessary to undertake the energy transition, despite the fact that US and other Western countries proclaim themselves to be promoters of the fight against climate change.
This century, with the exception of Israel against the Palestinian people, no country has been as systematically and long-lastingly sadistic towards a civilian population as the United States has been in its attack on the Cubans. The human suffering and the deprivation of any prospect of a dignified life in their own land are testimony to the total contempt of the American political class towards the well-being of the Cuban people and their basic human rights.
What is remarkable and should be acknowledged, however, is the stoicism, serenity and downright determination of the Cuban people. Imagine - a total blackout for three days! If what happened in Cuba this past month had happened anywhere else in the world there would have been chaos, looting and riots in the streets.
Cuba deserves our solidarity and the United States our opprobrium.
Visit Cuba with the IISC in Sept 2025
‘A hugely enjoyable trip with a good balance of learning and fun’
(2023 participant)
Fully guided by experts, 7 nights inc. flights, breakfasts, lunches and two dinners.
*£2425 pp
Following successful tours in 2018, 2019 and 2023, the IISC has arranged another study visit to Cuba led by Dr Stephen Wilkinson, who lectures on Latin American and Cuban Politics in the faculty of Humanities, Business and Social Sciences at the University of Buckingham. Steve is Editor of the International Journal of Cuban Studies and the Director of International Institute for the Study of Cuba. Steve has been visiting Cuba since 1987, holds a PHD in Cuban Literature and has led more than twenty study tours to the island. He will be offering his insights and knowledge along the way to make this a truly unique and special experience.
The flights and itinerary are organised by the ATOL protected Specialist Travel Company Archipelago Choice. The itinerary will include city tours and visits to Museums, art galleries and Cuba’s top University for a talk on Cuba’s politics, economy and relationship with the US. The tour will deepen participants’ understanding of history, politics, economics and international relations as well as expand their knowledge of Cuba, its unique character and history. But it is not all study, there will also be plenty of time to explore Havana, visit the beach and we will spend a night in the beautiful Vinales Valley, famous for being the place where the finest tobacco in the world is grown.
The plan is to fly economy with Air Europa via Madrid departing from Gatwick departing on the 13th September and returning overnight on the 20th, arriving in Gatwick on the Sunday.
The price is £2425 per person and will include flights, hotels, English speaking tourist guide, transfers, visits, breakfasts all lunches in some great local restaurants and two dinners, based on a shared double room. A single supplement of £245 is payable for those who would not wish to share a room.
The tour is open to all.
WHAT IS INCLUDED
- Return flights on Air Europa in economy class from London Gatwick to Havana via Madrid
- Private transfer from Havana Airport to Sevilla Hotel
- 6 nights twin / double room accommodation at the Sevilla Hotel on bed and breakfast basis
- 1 night twin / double room accommodation at a Selected Casa Particular in Vinales on bed and breakfast basis
- Transportation as required in the itinerary and a private guide service throughout the tour
- Lunches every day from Day 2 and Dinners on the 18th and 19th September in local restaurants
- Entrance costs for all the visits described in the itinerary where applicable.
Single Room Supplement: £245 per person
Flights with Air Europa (Economy Class)
The prices are based on the below flights as a group fare. The flights are with Air Europa in Economy.**
13/09/2025 LGW-MAD UX1014 1000-1330
14/09/2025 MAD-HAV UX0051 1605-1950
20/09/2025 HAV-MAD UX0052 2155-1250
21/09/2025 MAD-LGW UX1015 1500-1625
Payments Schedule
**The airline will require a payment immediately to secure the seats and therefore we would require an immediate deposit of £1000 per person at the time of booking. If you wish to join the tour and make your own way to Havana, then please let Matt at Archipelago Choice know and he will quote you for the ground services only.
However, we can offer a £100 reduction in the tour price if bookings are made BEFORE 7 JUNE. The balance can then be paid by the 4th July
Planned Itinerary*
Saturday 13th September
Meet up at London Gatwick in time for Air Europa flight to Havana with a short stopover in Madrid. Arrive into Havana Airport and the warmth of the Caribbean, a transfer will be waiting to take you to the famous, colonial style Sevilla Hotel located in the heart of Old Havana.
Light snacks / tapas will be available from the hotel or local restaurant as well as that first opportunity for a world-famous Cuban cocktail! There may also be time for a short stroll tonight along the Prado, a lovely tree lined road that links the central square to the ocean and famous Malecon seafront promenade.
Sunday 14th September
A small fleet of Old American cars will be waiting for a fascinating panoramic tour of Havana visiting the downtown Vedado district and its hectic and fascinating street life. A stop can be made at the imposing Revolution Square and its large statue of Cuba’s National Hero, Jose Marti. Two huge and much photographed murals of Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos also adorn the government buildings overlooking the square.
Continue through the Miramar district of the city with its many embassies and elegant mansion houses and visit the Bosque De La Habana, a wooded park with the River Alemendares running through it. The drive finishes along the majestic Malecon coastal promenade, known as “Havana Sofa”, as the locals use the sea wall for their socialising. Also pass the famous Hotel Nacional, the Havana home to many a celebrity and Mafia Don over the years.
After the tour we head to Callejon de Hamel, an eclectic street in downtown Havana that is entirely devoted to Afro Cuban culture. On Sundays from noon there is an impromptu gathering of locals and Santería priests dance to the rumba rhythms. The sounds from the drums invoke the spirits of the Santería gods, the Orishas.
The street is decorated with colourful street art, creative sculptures fashioned from recycled materials, small art galleries, market stalls, drinks outlets and cafes. Lunch will be served locally and it’s a great place to relax and enjoy some of the afternoon.
After lunch, Steve Wilkinson will take you on a walk to the famous Hotel Nacional, the Havana, stopping at various places of interest along the way and finishing with a cocktail in the history bar at the hotel. For those who want to continue their walk, a route along the Malecon can take you to the Sevilla, or the guide can arrange taxis for you.
Monday 15th September
After breakfast head into Old Havana ready for a fascinating and leisurely walk through the narrow streets, absorbing the amazing vibrancy of this historic old town. The main sights can be visited along with having a fascinating peek into the life of the local " Habaneros", how they live, shop, work and socialise in this unique neighbourhood.
Enjoy lunch in a popular private restaurant and the remainder of the day can be yours to enjoy your own exploration of Old Havana or head back to your accommodation to relax by the pool.
Tuesday 16th September
This morning, head to the embassy district of Miramar to explore the fascinating small museum of the Ministry of the Interior, interestingly housed in an elegant mansion house. The museum depicts the diverse and constant attempts, mainly from the CIA, to destabilise the Cuban Revolution and assassinate Fidel Castro.
Lunch will be served at a traditional restaurant specialising in Cuban cuisine and after lunch continue to the suburb of Jaimanitas for a visit to Fusterlandia! Local artist Jose Fuster has spent decades turning his neighbourhood into a wonderland of art, decorating houses, gardens, street signs and more. It’s a fascinating and crazy kaleidoscope of colour!
After a very informative day the remainder of the afternoon will be at leisure to enjoy Old Havana independently and if there is time you could visit one of Havana's museums, such as the Havana Club Rum Museum, the City Museum or Fine Arts Museum for a nominal entrance fee .
Wednesday 17th September
This morning, we will visit the Centro Fidel Castro Ruz an elegant academic centre, library and meeting location dedicated to the life, work and writings of Fidel Castro. An incredibly interesting centre for those interested in Cuba’s political history.
After a wander around the local area, lunch can be enjoyed in a local restaurant before going to visit and meet with a Professor from the University of Havana Centre for the Study of the United States and the Western Hemisphere. This will be an opportunity to ask all the questions you wish about politics, history and the foreign relations of Cuba.
Thursday 18th September
Up early this morning for a visit to the beaches at East Havana to enjoy the sunshine and have a swim / paddle and enjoy a stroll along the beach.
Lunch can be enjoyed at a local Casa Particular close to the beach, providing an interesting insight into the lifestyle of the locals living by the ocean.
After lunch we can visit Finca Vigia, the former home of the legendary American author Ernest Hemingway, who lived in Cuba for over 20 years and in fact used to describe himself as a Cuban. His beautiful home, purposely built in a working-class community so he could mix with his fishing friends, was the site where he wrote many of his famous books, including “The Old Man and the Sea”
Return to Havana in the afternoon in time to get ready for your last night in the city and dinner in one of our favourite private restaurants.
For the night owls, we can visit the Fabrica Del Arte Cubano. Featured by Time magazine as one of the 100 best places to visit in the world, the venue is mix of art galleries, photography exhibitions, contrasting live music and dance rooms, restaurants and bars and more. Attracting the stylish Habanero and visitors alike, it’s a memorable and unique evening venue.
Friday 19th September
Leave Havana this morning and head west to the immensely picturesque UNESCO World Heritage Site of Vinales Valley, for an overnight stay in this delightful small rural town, surrounded by the strange “mogotes “, steep sided limestone cliffs rising from the fertile farmland, home to world famous tobacco plantations.
After a journey of under 3 hours you can have a tour of the valley starting with the impressive viewpoint of the valley. Then visit the controversial Pre-History Mural 120-metres tall and one of the largest al fresco paintings in the world. The work was commissioned by Fidel Castro and the keen debate amongst both locals and visitors is that its inspiring art or an eyesore?
Visit the world-famous tobacco plantations, meet the farmers and gain an insight into their lives and learn about the growing process and global fascination of the Cuban cigar.
Head into the caves of El Indio, thought to have been a refuge of the Guanahatabey Indians as well as a burial site! You can also visit a environmental artist project where a local farmer has created unique and amazing wood sculptures from natural debris found in the valley.
Lunch today can be at an organic farm restaurant. This family run cooperative is an award-winning food producer and you can enjoy a taster style platter of local dishes served on the terrace overlooking ‘Silencio’ Valley.
This evening, we will enjoy a dinner in a local restaurant specializing in Cuban food and a fantastic example of the hard work and creativeness shown by the local population in Cuba . We can meet the owners and talk about their project and thoughts on creating a private business in Cuba as well as their aspirations for the future.
Saturday 20th September
There is an option to be up early on your last day in Cuba for a walk to climb up to a most amazing viewpoint to watch the sunrise over Vinales Valley, an awe-inspiring experience.
Also visit the community of the ‘Los Aquaticos’, who firmly believe and live by the doctrine of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of the local water. The tiny community maintain their deep faith in this long-standing tradition and have a relatively isolated presence from the main villagers living in Vinales. Enjoy a coffee and chat with the “Los Acuaticos” before descending back to the valley.
The remainder of the day will be free to relax in Vinales and explore the small market stalls in the centre of the town, before lunch is served in a local restaurant and a transfer takes us back to Havana airport in time for our flight departing at 21 45 hours
Sunday 21st September
After a short stopover in Madrid, land back into London Gatwick as 1625 hours today.
If you are interested in this tour:
Please let Steve Wilkinson stephen.wilkinson@buckingham.ac.uk know that you are interested as soon as you can. Send him your full name, dob, nationality and passport number. He will then pass your details to Matthew O’Sullivan at Archipelago Choice who will take your booking and charge you the deposit.
Visas
Cuban visas can be easily purchased online for a flat rate of £20 per person. This is not included in the price. The system is easy to manage, and Archipelago Choice will guide you on how to complete the two simple forms.
ATOL
All bookings including a flight originating from the UK would be fully protected under the ATOL Licence of Archipelago Choice which is 6059
INSURANCE: If you are a student or employee of the University, you may be covered by the University’s policy (pending confirmation). We will provide details after booking. If you are not a student or employee, you will need to acquire travel insurance, Archipelago Choice can advise on this.
ADD ON WEEK: If you wish to extend your stay in Cuba for an extra week, this may be possible to arrange. Please inform Matthew and he will be able to offer packages to suit your needs.
QUERIES: Dr Stephen Wilkinson +44 (0)7956 381640 stephen.wilkinson@buckingham.ac.uk
COVID: Currently there are no restrictions on entry to the country. But passengers must have a valid health insurance policy.
*Please note: All prices and details may be subject to change. The flights are subject to availability at the time of booking and prices can change until the seats are secured. Early booking is strongly advised. For those living in the north of the UK it can be possible to receive a quote based on Air France flights that have departures from Glasgow, Manchester and Birmingham via Paris.
Lessons from the Missile Crisis 60 Years On
In those years, we Cubans were not just used to be on the brink of a war with the US, actually, we were already at a war with the Americans. That war was part of our daily lives for 3 years. We had Bay of Pigs 18 months earlier. A civil war, with thousands of counterrevolutionary guerrillas, fueled and supplied by the US, had extended to the whole island. Teenagers teachers like me had been assassinated by those guerrillas.
Radamés Giro
Radamés Giro, musician, author, editor, and self-taught researcher and musicologist was a central figure of Cuban music over the last 50 years.